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  • What is Haven Herbs?
    Haven Herbs is a worker-owned herbal apotheary company. Anytime you meet someone repping Haven, you are meeting an owner! This company got its start with all of Lily's formulas (formerly under the label Boline Apothecary). Lily is still chief formulator, herbalist, and and educator for Haven Herbs. She is also in charge of the community relations, which includes education, donations, and mutual aid efforts.
  • What is re:Source Sanctuary and Farm?
    This is Lily's farm where she grows food for her family and community, medicine for Haven Herbs, and boasts a botanical sanctuary for endangered medicinals. It also has a sanctuary for scissorbeak chickens. It is where she teaches about herbalism and sustainable living. re:Source is a communally owned and run farm. It is a constant work in progress. Plans are in the works for a licensed production facility for Haven and other businesses, cultivation and herb processing classes, and a YouTube channel.
  • What is the Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership?
    This national non-profit organization exists to eradicate the systemic barriers that prevent people of colorand other historically excluded populations from being able to access the knowledge, networks, and capital required for entrepreneurial success and wealth creation. Lily is the Volunteer Experience Program Manageron the team- recruiting experienced business people who assist small business owners with skill development and advice and programming and hosting content on the Verizon Small Business Digital Ready platform. More information about IFEL is here.
  • What is SCRuBs?
    SCRuBs stands for Support, Community, Resources/Referrals, and Barter. It is a fledgling organization by and for small businesses, artisans and craftspeople, and small farms. It's an organization started by the folks of Haven Herbs and re:Source and it exists to create opportunities and policy that favors small and sustainable over big chain behemoths that destroy the economy and planet. You can join us by filling out a form here.
  • How is herbalism different from modern-day pharmaceuticals?
    Herbalism is different in many ways: 1. When using herbs as medicine, you are employing the entire plant (root, flower, leaf, rhizome, etc) which consists of hundreds or thousands medicinal constituents (called phytochemicals) which address specific and myriad issues. This differs from pharmaceuticals which are manufactured to isolate and compound one or two constituents. Pharmaceuticals, standardized as they are, do not always take into account the synergy of multiple body systems, often leading to unnecessary and potent side effects. 2. Herbal medicines were not created for your specific diseases and illness, therefore there is no herb to “treat arthritis” or to “treat IBS”. Herbal remedies are custom created for you- a whole person experiencing specific symptom manifestation with a specific constitution that is uniquely yours. Herbs, when combined together in a custom compounded form, can be remarkably effective in providing holistic treatment that is not just symptom specific, but whole body supporting. The plants work with YOU, as an individual. 3. Herbalism works with your body, restoring normal systems. Pharma usually replaces things and does not have this goal- pharma wants you staying on pharma. Herbal protocols are designed to be temporary and plan for their own obsolesence. 4. Herbalism looks at plant energetics (as well as actions) and then looks at the person needing plants (and their constitutions and how their symptoms manifest). Only after taking all this into consideration is an herb or formula recommended.
  • How does herbalism work?
    Good herbalists don’t treat conditions: they treat people. Instead of relying on rote memorization "this herb is good for X condition", Lily looks at you, your constitution, your condition, your current diet, lifestyle, pharmaceuticals, exercise, stress, and more to create a custom plan and possible supplement *just for you*. Lily has helped thousands one-on-one through Lily Kunning, Community Herbalist, at Haven Herbs, and at Boline Apothecary (her former shop). When doing consultations, she puts together customized herbal and lifestyle programs to help with a variety of conditions. Herbalism works best when combined with a lifestyle that includes clean water, whole foods, gentle exercise, and plenty of self-love. Lily prefers to help her clients stay well, rather than treat illness- but she does both. Anyone calling themselves an herbalist should be a highly trained practitioner skilled in the art and science of matching medicinal plants with people. Botanical medicine is both incredibly simple and amazingly complex. An herbalist has extensive knowledge of not only the medicinal potential of botanical medicines (from phytochemistry to pharmacology) but also a solid understanding of human physiology and pathophysiology. Combined together, this allows an herbalist to provide holistic treatment of varying illnesses and conditions using the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants (custom compounded to fit each individual need). In the United States, there is no licensure or regulations of who can call themselves an “herbalist” or who can practice using that title. It is extremely important to do your research and feel comfortable with your herbalist's level of training. Some calling themselves herbalists have only attended weekend seminars, online classes, or read a book. This means that they begin practicing with little actual clinical experience and no mentorship or guidance. Some others have simply read recipes off the internet and think they know stuff! Lily is trained and has over a decade of experience treating people, making medicines, and educating others.
  • Who can call themselves "an herbalist"?"
    Anyone calling themselves an herbalist should be a highly trained practitioner skilled in the art and science of matching medicinal plants with people. Sadly, there are no regulations about this, so caveat emptor! I have been chagrined to learn that Columbus has several folks calling themselves herbalists with no formal or very incomplete training. Botanical medicine is both incredibly simple and amazingly complex. An herbalist has extensive knowledge of not only the medicinal potential of botanical medicines (from phytochemistry to pharmacology) but also a solid understanding of human physiology and pathophysiology. Combined together, this allows an herbalist to provide holistic treatment of varying illness using the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants custom compounded to fit each individual need. In the United States, there is no licensure or regulations of who can call themselves an “herbalist” or who can practice using that title. It is extremely important to do your research and feel comfortable with your herbalist's level of training. Some herbalists only attend weekend seminars or online programs and begin practicing with little actual clinical experience, mentorship, or guidance. Some others have simply read recipes off the internet! Lily is trained and has over a decade of experience.
  • Does Lily do wellness consultations?
    She does! She also does group wellness coaching, which can be a more affordable and supportive environment for those with chronic conditions. To book a consultation (private) click here. To check out wellness coaching, click here. (This program was designed after years of seeing folks with chronic illness, cancer, auto-immune disease, pain management, and mobility issues.) It has been carefully crafted to improve the areas that she has consistently seen to be lacking in the majority of clients who come to her (regardless of if they have a long-term condition or not).
  • Is Lily a doctor?
    No way José! She’s an herbalist! She does not "practice medicine" and does not diagnose or treat diseases or medical conditions. Her services are not meant to substitute or replace those of a licensed physician (and legally, she is not allowed to do so) and clients in her practice are free to be under the care of a licensed physician or other practitioner of choice. She is happy to work with other practitioners of any stripe on case management, too- and often does. She tends to see folks who have "tried everything" and have been through the biomedical model and insurance-led care and are seeking something more holistic, natural, and individualized. She does not accept insurance, as no insurance policies cover herbalism.
  • Do you accept insurance or alternative payments to cash?
    Because insurance is in charge of how people recieve care in this country, Lily, as an herbalist, cannot accept insurance- no insurance plan covers it! (This is only one of the myriad problems in an insurance-led medical system,) Lily works to keep costs low and affordable to most. Those who cannot afford the cost of a consultation- did you know that Lily accepts barter and work trade? We would work out the terms in advance, with both parties liking the terms of the arrangement. Here are some of the things Lily seeks in exchange for goods and services she offers: Music lessons (piano, violin, theory) Farm tools and supplies Animal feed Livestock Holistic wellness and care (like massage, acupuncture, feldenkrais) Musical instruments Handcrafted art and craft Farm/garden labor Housecleaning Used pick-up truck (running) A hot tub and/or sauna A swimming pool Homemade food Canning supplies Construction and repair help She is open to other goods and services, too. If you have something to offer in exchange for consultations, classes, or herbal remedies- contact her with what it is and see if she's into that exchange!
  • How do consultations work?
    Before you book online and pay, fill out the intake form. Fill it out (give yourself 20 minutes, minimum), then book an appointment. The online system also takes payment at that time. At the visit, Lily looks at this form, interviews you, assesses visible signs of health (skin, eyes, tongue, pulse, etc. when necessary) and clarifies a larger holistic picture of your health, and then makes recommendations. Each appointment is about 45 minutes. Generally speaking, in these sessions Lily picks 3-4 areas or less to focus upon (any more than that is overwhelming and often self-defeating). She will often try and combine supplements so that clients are not burderned with too many things to take each day. If you are taking medicines or supplements that are duplicative or counter-act one another, she will point those out, too. After your consultation, she is going to email you (through Fullscript) with a summary of what you talked about, your goals, and any supplements recommended. So don't feel like you have to furiously take notes during your session! Getting supplements through Lily is easy, but completely optional. She will make recommendations and you can purchase them anywhere you like. She has the ability to create custom formulas just for you or recommend other products. She often recommends Haven Herbs products, because these are also her formulas and she is familiar with them and their sourcing. She has a Fullscript dispensary for you to use freely. This is an online resource for you to order supplements at a substantial discount (and they are professional strength ones, to boot). Through Fullscript, she is also able to find supplements that meet dietary and allergy restrictions for you. Fullscript is also where your recommendation email originates- so kee an eye out for that follow up email (usually sent same or next day after an appointment) and you can purchase any recommendations in it through clicking on them within the email. Easy peasy! After your consultation, if there are any concerns, questions, or feedback about the plan or following it, please contact Lily. This is also true if you make changes to the plan (changing medicines, supplements, or goals) between visits. The plan only works if it is followed and Lily is kept in the loop! Lily likes to do case management monthly. After a month of following the protocol outlined, you should set up a followup visit to check in and work on existing and new wellness goals. If you would rather try a wellness coaching program, check out Wellness in Weeks.
  • What is wellness coaching?
    Lily sees folks in two ways: consultations, which are individualized, private sessions and coaching- which she does in small groups via Zoom. Her Wellness in Weeks program came out of seeing herself repeat the same holistic wellness advice over and over to her clients. These bits of education and information are transformative, but often the clients had never heard them before. Lily decided that she had to reach more folks with this critical information, and so she created a group wellness coaching program called Wellness in Weeks. It lasts 6 months, and each month, we dive deep into a realm of wellness: diet and nutrition, movement and exercise, sleep hygiene, stress management, detoxifying your environment, and emotional wellness. Each month there is a live webinar with presentation and live Q & A. Then each week of that month you get an email with more resources: things to read, watch, and HOMEWORK! This is all about making incremental changes that will impact your wellness.
  • What are your workshop policies?
    By registering for a paid workshop or class, you agree to this: 1. Fees are due at time of registration. 2. Payment alone secures your place: in person or online. Extended classes (that last multiple days) can have a payment arrangement in good standing to secure your place. 3. When you cannot attend a one-night class/workshop after registration: A refund or credit (student's choice) towards a class/merchandise/consultation will be given with 48 hours notice. No credit or refund will be issued for cancellations within 48 hours of class time. Please be certain that your schedule has room for all classes for which you registered. A student is allowed to find a substitute for their seat without penalty at any time. Please contact Lily in advance to give the name(s) of your subs. 4. Low enrollment cancellations by Lily: Students will be notified 48 hours before class & issued a refund or credit (student's choice), good for classes/merchandise/consultations. 5. Cancellations due to unforeseen circumstances (weather, illness, pandemic): you will be notified as soon as possible & that class will be rescheduled. If you cannot attend the rescheduled class, you can apply your payment to another class, or get a refund or credit (student's choice). 6. Class fees or deposits will not be refunded for any reason other than stated above. 7. Only registered students may sit in on class, this includes children/guardians. 8. Age restrictions are at discretion of teacher. 9. No shows. If you do not come to your class and you do not make arrangements to cancel 48 hours in advance, we do not issue refunds or credits. Instructor time is valuable, and you may have taken a spot from someone on a wait list.
  • Online class information
    All Lily's online classes are available either with a small monthly fee or a one-time payment that is discounted. All classes are self-paced, no deadlines or pressure. All class content is yours to keep, forever. Current online class offerings: Western Herbalism Online (anatomy, physiology, materia medica, medicine making, field trips, plant ID, cultivation, harvesting, processing, and wildcrafting) Learn to think like an herbalist! Essential Oil Safety (all about how to safely use essential oils and what they are good for without all the MLM sales hype and pressure) People's Medicine Course (learn lay herbalism a plant each month through guided lessons. This is perfect for people only wanted the knowldge for themselves and their family.) Wellness in Weeks 24 weeks of comprehensive wellness coaching in a team setting on Zoom, with individualized recommendations. Appropriate for everyone, including those with chronic illness, pain, or mobility issues. Future courses being worked upon: Maiden Voyage: sex, relationship, and body education for children and youth that is science-based, consent driven, feminist, and secular. Medicine Makers Series: well filmed and edited video series on every kind of herbal medicine and the techniques involved. ...and quite a few more!
  • Foundations of Western Herbalism questions
    Currently, Lily offers an in-person version and an online version of this course. This is an "undergrad" type course- giving you a solid foundation in herbalism, but in person education and grad level education and work is necessary to start treating clients like Lily does- this includes a clinical internship and guided mentorship. See Apprenticeship page for grad level work. The online version is self paced, deadline free, and you keep the content forever. It is designed for busy working adults who want to learn to think like an herbalist (which is different than thinking like other practitioners). After it, you will feel more confident in making recommendations to friends and family (from a well-trained place). You can see online class policies at the link above. The in-person class is for people wanting to work as an herbalist in some capacity one day and advanced training is available for successful students in clinical, cultivation, and apothecary work. Lily is able to mentor you and watch your progress much more intimately with the in-person apprentice cohort. Both classes use the same textbook: Medical Herbalism by David Hoffman. In-person class policies and set up: The latest in-person cohort (West Virginia) starts fall 2022 and will complete summer 2024. This is an in-person, 18 module class that meets monthly with plenty of independent work in-between. It is taught by Lily Kunning, a trained, practicing herbalist. The class is designed to be half lecture, half hands-on activities. Each month, we do indoor activities (medicine making) or outdoor activities (cultivation, plant identification, wildcrafting, harvesting, processing)- depending on the season. In this class, you will learn anatomy, physiology, materia medica, medicine making, and much more. It is an "undergrad" course- giving you a foundational understanding of western herbalism and showing you the possibilities of incorporating herbalism into your life and possible practice. You can see the current syllabus here. There are advanced apprentice-model studies available for successful students- in both clinical applications and apothecary applications. Current list of compentencies for that apprenticeship are here. Payment options: $1800 payment in full (self financed) $247.50 for 8 months (10% financing) $207 for 10 months (15% financing) Because class size is limited and my costs for teaching remain even if you drop out, tuition is non-refundable. This includes people on payment plans. Payment plans must be completed whether you remain in class or not, as the cost for the program (rent, materials) is budgeted based on the total enrollments.If you have more questions, please email Lily. If you would like to secure your place (seats are limited), you must start a payment plan and stay in good standing, make a deposit, or pay in full. Lily can allow access to future classes for your original tuition and payment in good standing. (In other words, if you need to drop out for now, you still pay your tuition and can join a subsequent class. Just let Lily know which class you wish to enter.
  • Apprenticeship information
    Lily offers advanced placement (in clinical, cultivation, and apothecary) for people that have had an "undergrad" education in western herbalism. The class taken should have been in-person (not online) and submission of curricula and affidavit of completion should be submitted for admission to the cohort. Successful completion of Lily's Foundation of Western Herbalism, her Herbal Certifiate course at GAFEE, or another herbalist-taught class (of at least 43 classroom hours, 15 hours of field trips, and 41 hours of independent work) qualifies for entrance to the cohort. Apprentices meet once a month for at least two hours as a cohort (currently third Wednesdays, 5 PM), do one-on-one work at least two hours a month with Lily, do internships in clinical appointments or in the apothecary, and do independent work in the list of competencies.
  • Wellness in Weeks questions
    Wellness in Weeks is a group wellness coaching program. It features a live interactive Zoom class, online content, and resources for 24 weeks- each month focusing on a different area of wellness: diet and nutrition, movement and exercise, sleep hygiene, stress management, emotional well-being, removing toxins in your life, and finding your passion. It is a holistic approach to wellness, run by me- an herbalist, educator, and wellness coach. It is different from any other offering of wellness coaching that I have seen. No matter where a student starts in their wellness journey, there is content (and enough customization) that will offer positive changes to all who enroll. All that's needed to participate is a computer or smartphone with internet access and an email address. No technical knowledge required!
  • How has COVID-19 affected your business?
    While Lily prefers in-person consultations (to allow for better assessment tools like looking at skin, eyes, and tongue) and classes, that is simply unwise during the pandemic. While many have been led to believe that COVID-19 is over- the statistics to not show that to be true. The US government has stopped recording infections and deaths, and is no longer funding testing sites, test kits, or vaccinations. That does not mean infections, spread, mutations, and deaths are not still happening, even in alarming numbers. It simply means economic issues took priority over public health issues. The only way to know how prevalent COVID-19 is in your community is to look at the wastewater statistics- and see how much virus is shed into sewage. Lily still masks with an N95 when out in public indoors. She recommends that you do the same. She avoids large gatherings (especially indoor ones) and does not eat in restauarants unless on a well ventilated outdoor patio. For the forseeable future, she is doing online or phone appointments. Her classes that are indoors are limited enrollment and she will be wearing a mask while teaching (and recommends that you do the same). Because of her research, she is fully vaccinated and boosted with an mRNA vaccine, wears an N95 mask whenever indoors with others, and requires in-person students to do the same. Stopping the pandemic is a collective responsibility. She believes in taking responsibility for her community in this way. For consultations, online via Zoom is preferable for those with a private internet connection. For those that do not have this, a phone appointment is also possible. You should also know that Lily believes in using ALL the available tools to stop this pandemic possible. She is an herbalist who looks to science as well as generational wisdom. To that end, she has done extensive research on the virus, its mutations, safety measures, treatments, and preventions. She has created a webinar about these issues, presented in March 2022. She continues to research as new data becomes available. She updated this information for a presentation for Cancer Support Community in January of 2023.
  • Do you accept other payment types (other than cash and credit card)?
    Lily cannot accept insurance (for reasons outside of her control) for wellness consultations. She accepts cash, VenMo, and credit/debit card. Did you also know that Lily accepts barter for anything she offers (consultations, classes, products)? We would work out the terms in advance, with both parties liking the terms of the arrangement. Here are some of the things Lily seeks in exchange for goods and services she offers: Music lessons (piano, theory) Farm tools and supplies Animal feed Livestock Holistic wellness and care (like massage, feldenkrais) Musical instruments Handcrafted art and craft Farm/garden labor Housecleaning Used pick-up truck (running) Hot tub or sauna Swimming Pool Homemade food Canning supplies Construction and repair help She is open to other goods and services, too. If you have something to offer in exchange for consultations, classes, or herbal remedies- contact her with what it is and see if she's into that exchange!
  • Can you get me supplements that I need?
    Yep. In addition to custom formulations that she makes for some of her clients and the ready-to-purchase items she makes for Haven Herbs, she also has access to professional strength supplements through Fullscript. This dispensary is for items that Lily herself cannot make: probiotics, vitamins, etc. These can be purchased online through her Fullscript portal where folks receive up to 20% off retail prices (and these are professional strength supplements). Lily will speak to you about Fullscript orders and recommendation emails during your consultation if they apply to you. (Or you can register in the footer of her website and create an account on your own.) Disclaimer: Lily Kunning, Community Herbalist receives a 5% percent of sales from supplements purchased through Fullscript, even with your substantial discount. You can get them through the recommendations or portal or elsewhere, your choice. But it is often cheaper to get them through Lily's Fullscript.
  • Questions about Fullscript recommendations.
    After your wellness consultation intake, Lily will follow up with you via email (this email comes through the Fullscript portal). In that email, she will reiterate the plan you created together, the goals the two of your focused upon, and how to achieve those goals. She will attach links and resources to this email, and she may recommend supplementation. Supplementation could be custom herbal formulas that she makes herself (specifically for you), a Haven Herbs product (she also formulates these), or they could be items she does not make like probiotics, vitamins, minerals, essential oils, etc. For these items, she can offer clients a discounted rate on professional grade supplements that she has vetted and she recommends through Fullscript. She does it this way for several reasons: It allows clients to order directly from Fullscript, at a discount, and not search for the exact item (and often get frustrated) at multiple brick and mortar stores. It allows very specific criteria in supplement formulation that a client may not know to look for, and allows for a vegan, gluten free, or non-GMO filter to be applied to recommendations. (Lily often will recommend specific strengths or dosages or have preferences in how the formulas are prepared: her standards are quite high.) She has "go-to" products she finds superior to the mediocre supplements that often grace the GNC or Whole Foods shelves. These superior products will be the ones on your Fullscript recommendation. Whether or not you purchase supplement recommendations from Fullscript (you can purchase supplements anywhere you like, no pressure!), your follow up email will come through the Fullscript portal.
  • Are your products or herbal supplements regulated by the FDA?
    Short answer: No, for many, mostly political, reasons. Herbs and supplements are not regulated by the government, and instead, have to post a disclaimer. You have probably seen the statement "This product has not been reviewed by the FDA..." Long answer: Statements made on this website regarding the herbal and natural products offered by Lily and/or Haven Herbs have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (because the FDA does not evaluate or test herbs). This information has not been evaluated by the USFDA, nor has it gone through the "rigorous double-blind studies required before a particular product can be deemed truly beneficial or potentially dangerous and prescribed in the treatment of any condition or disease". (Their required language, not mine- as herbs are indeed tested in other countries using rigorous scientific methods, just not in the USA.) More required language: The information presented on this site is provided for informational purposes only, it is not meant to substitute for medical advice or diagnosis provided by your physician or other medical professional. Do not use this information to diagnose, treat or cure any illness or health condition. If you have, or suspect that you have a medical problem, contact your physician or health care provider. The products talked about on this website are not intended to treat, cure, or prevent any illness or disease. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, consult with your physician for diagnosis or treatment. Use herbs as per instructions and always watch for any allergic reactions. You should always carefully read all product packaging and labels. Always consult your physician or health care provider before using any herbal products, especially if you have a medical problem. If your condition persists or worsens, see a health practitioner. Lily Kunning, Community Herbalist and/or Haven Herbs and/or their proprietors assume no liability for any injury, illness or adverse affects caused by the misuse and/or use of the information or products presented on this website or havenherbs.com. All ingredients used in the manufacture of our health and wellness products are food grade and of plant or natural origin. All ingredients are classified as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe). No synthetic colors, dyes, fragrances or additives are added to any product. Please visit this FDA website to clear any confusions you have on cosmetics and their ingredients.
  • I used to get a Boline Apothecary formula. Where can I get it now?
    Lily makes herbal formulas that many in the Columbus< OH (and now the country) relied upon. With the closing of Boline Apothecary, many are confused where to get their needed items. In February 2018, Lily and a team launched Haven Herbs as a worker-owned cooperative. Haven has most of the things Lily used to make for Boline. Shop Haven Herbs here. Lily also makes custom and limited edition products upon request.
  • What happened to Boline Apothecary?
    Lily ran Boline as a sole proprietor for 4 years and in that time, the shop was much loved. It was too much work for one person to manage. It was also hard to make ends meet every month. Small retail, especially brick and mortar, has lower margins but all the costs that the big box shops have. If you love small independent shops, make sure you spend most of your shopping money at them, because they sure do need it! And shopping local is more supportive of your community than big box- more money gets reinvested locally when you shop this way. Lily tried getting a business partner and when that did not work, she eventually decided to close Boline. It was not economically viable. She then formed a worker-owned cooperative. The group decided to keep the formulations which everyone wanted and start with a cleaner, leaner business model- and Haven Herbs was born.
  • Where do I get bulk herbs now that Boline is closed?
    While none of the local shops in Columbus, OH have have the 400+ botanicals and ingredients that Boline did, here are the two local places that do have herbs and other things in bulk: Clintonville Natural Foods, 4398 Indianola Avenue, Clintonville, OH 43214 Bexley Natural Market, 508 North Cassady Avenue, Bexley, OH 43209 Online, we recommend Mountain Rose Herbs for sustainably sourced bulk herbs.
  • What does custom formulation involve?
    Lily makes custom formulations for individuals in three ways: 1. She formulates for an individual consultation client after meeting and setting health goals with them. 2. She can create a custom formula for a client after a series of email check-ins for verification and make it available. This option is for folks looking to replicate a formula and does not replace a consultation or case management. 3. A company approaches Lily with a concept or idea that they want her to formulate. In this scenario, a meeting to set out goals, a contract outlining the scope of the work, and a series of trial formulations would be created for review. Once a formula is agreed upon, the sale of the formula, along with rights of ownership and replication would belong to the client. Lily can also make recommendations about sourcing ingredients, packaging, labeling, and anything else a company may need to start production. In the case of personal formulations, these can be made available within 2-3 days. However custom formulations may require getting a specific herb or tincture not in stock. In that case, it could take up to a week or more, but Lily will advise you if that is the case. Formulas will be invoiced online and then shipped to you. You will pay actual shipping, no handling fee. For corporate formulations, Lily will contract for labor and supplies and get these before starting your project. Timelines will be in writing and transparent.
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